Vin Venture

Allomancers in the Mistborn series have the ability to ingest metals (usually flakes of metal in an alcohol solution in vials they prepare themselves or buy from specialists that know to use pure metals for this specific purpose for Mistborns and Mistings, and carry these vials with them on their person) which they can then ingest and 'burn' inside themselves to activate for different outcomes, essentially. Different metals have different effects.

There's a handy table here at the wiki with links/descriptions of each. As a Mistborn, Vin has access to all of these, while most Allomancers are usually specialized in one particular metal/ability (people with access to just one metal are called Mistings, with particular nicknames depending on the metal they specialize in).

But here is a basic list.

Steel (Coinshot) - Pushes on nearby metals. This basically means that Vin can burn Steel to push metals away from her, dependent on weight.
Iron (Lurcher) - Pulls on nearby metals, so it is essentially the opposite of Steel. Also still dependent on weight, so she can either pull something towards her (smaller, like a coin) or use this to push herself away from metal bigger than her, such as a car for example.
Pewter (Thug) - Increases physical abilities (strength, speed, balance. Can keep one more alert/awake and ease fatigue. There is a limit to this though and if one runs out of Pewter after doing something particularly strenuous, it can wear them out!)
Tin (Tineye) - Increases senses (sight, hearing)

Zinc (Rioter) - Enflames (riots) emotions (makes someone more angry, for example)
Brass (Soother) - Dampens (soothes) emotions (makes someone less upset or furious, for example, making them calmer, more suggestive.)
Copper (Smoker) - Hides Allomantic pulses (means others cannot sense an Allomancer, hides them from being noticed by others)
Bronze (Seeker) - Can hear Allomantic pulses (this is basically the people hired to try find Allomancers, hence the need for Smokers!)

Gold (Augur) - Reveals your past self
Duralumin (Duralumin Gnat) - Enhances Current Metal Burned (Basically like going full throttle with the other metal, burns the entire other metal but gives a huge boost to it in the process for a period of time.)

The following are probably the most powerful/important (so called God Metals) of her series.

Atium - Atium is a very powerful and precious resource for Mistborns. It allows someone to basically see a few seconds ahead in the future because this metal produces something like shadows of what is about to happen, what someone is about to do. Because of this, obviously, it gives the Mistborn a huge advantage in combat. The only way to combat this is through Electrum or the other Mistborn also burning Atium, basically, or if someone were able to see the future even without these. Burning atium or electrum splits the burner's atium shadows. The mind adjusts to be able to handle seeing the future.

Malatium - This one is the alloy of Atium and Gold. When Vin uses this in the books, she is able to see who the Lord Ruler could have been if for other choices being made though. So it's sort of like it can help someone see possible paths someone could have taken? The exact use for this one is unclear, but it does link to Gold's abilities.

Lerasium - This is a metal that when ingested and burned by a normal person, can produce a Mistborn as a result. If someone with allomancy, Mistborn or Misting, burns this metal it dramatically increases their power. Burning alloys of Lerasium will turn someone into a Misting of that alloy (for example, if you burned an alloy of lerasium and pewter, you would become a Thug Misting). This is about all we know on this particular one, though there might well be more to it.